Comprehensive Summary
The review presented by Moreno-Castelblanco et al. focuses on how artificial intelligence models, specifically deep and machine learning, process EEG for lower limb motor imagery in lower limbs to support brain-computer interface applications in neurohabilitation. A systematic review used a sample of 35 articles published between 2020 and 2025 that focused on lower-limb motor imagery and EEG recording techniques in addition to artificial intelligence models for rehabilitation. From these articles, the study design, participants, preprocessing, classification models, and outcomes were recorded. A majority of the studies utilized machine learning or deep learning to classify motor imagery; classification and interpretation (30% of the models) with a mix of machine learning and artificial intelligence models had an accuracy range from 70% to 94.3%. Furthermore, motor imagery based brain-computer interfaces using EEGs have shown, utilizing a deep learning model (CNN), 89.04% offline accuracy and 57.28% real time accuracy. The authors highlight advances in signal, AI-based, and multimodal acquisition, however the study requires larger data sets and a standardized method across trials.
Outcomes and Implications
Current AI-driven brain-computer interfaces have potential for improving lower-limb rehabilitation and allowing accurate detection of motor intention and control. However, the research is preliminary, combining the data of 35 articles without a baseline or standardized method with a lack of a larger dataset. Furthermore, there should be a focus on the development of portable, multimodal brain-computer interfaces that are able to utilize machine or deep learning to reduce calibration times and be optimized for real-time inference. Future studies would allow for intuitive and non-invasive interactions for individuals with motor disabilities.