Comprehensive Summary
This paper by Deshpande et al. proposes a novel point-of-care (PoC) biosensing platform for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease through detection of the common biomarker phosphorylated tau-181 (p-tau-181). This technology consists of two main parts: firstly, a handheld potentiostat that utilizes redox-active polyphenol red molecularly imprinted polymers on porous gold electrodes to measure the presence of p-tau 181 in plasma and serum samples; and secondly, an associated web-App that uses machine learning for immediate data classification and regression. The potentiostat consisted of a microcontroller and electrodes, which were modified to have a hydrophobic, nanostructured highly porous gold (HPG) surface for possible antifouling properties, and additionally treated with a solution containing the phenol red monomer and the p-tau 181 protein template. This solution was used for electrochemical polymerization to make the device specific to p-tau 181 binding. The detection used the intrinsic pPhR redox peak (~0.08 V) by DPV, giving a label-free readout; undiluted serum/plasma were measured. The web-App algorithm is a supervised machine learning application that was trained upon 4500 data points from human plasma, focusing on features including width, peak potential, peak height, signal loss, and concentration. Biofouling is a common limitation to current methods of analyzing serum and plasma, but Deshpande et al. observed negligible signal variation across concentrations, even in the presence of a nonimprinted polymer, suggesting the hydrophobic, nanostructured HPG may have antifouling properties. Dose-response curves showed consistently robust performance in PBS, human serum, plasma, EDTA-treated plasma, and heparin-treated plasma. Moreover, the associated machine learning application showed 100% classification accuracy, without any false positives or negatives, reflecting confidence in the algorithm and the potentiostat’s ability to collect the distinct electrochemical signals of p-tau 181 binding. Overall, Deshpande et al. propose a rapid, specific, and significantly less expensive method to detecting and analyzing p-tau 181, offering a more equitable, decentralized diagnostic opposed to current gold-standard methods.
Outcomes and Implications
This study by Deshpande et al. proposes a novel method of early Alzheimer’s Disease detection that is rapid, requires little preparation of samples, and is at a significantly lower cost that current methods (~£20/test opposed to the SIMOA’s ~£6000/plate). Moreover, with the real-time, accurate results through the web-app, this research suggests detection of biomarkers can be inexpensive, quick, and completed at primary care settings or even at the home. The reduced cost and complexity has the potential to increase the accessibility of medical information, contributing to equitable diagnostics for all patients. Additionally, this technology could be developed to target other biomarkers, suggesting potential in other neurodegenerative disease, such as Parkinson’s Disease through the targeting of α-synuclein.