Comprehensive Summary
Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a technology that decodes and translates neural activity into signals. Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) modulates neural activity by targeting brain regions, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), or transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Both methods, BCI and NIBS, can accelerate neural recovery and be utilized for stroke rehabilitation. This review focuses on the interaction between BCI and NIBS and how, together, the two systems can provide new therapeutic methods for motor recovery in stroke patients. A bidirectional coupling mechanism was discussed, in which each system can act on and enhance the activity of the other. Additionally, the advancements, applications, and consequences of the methods, separate and integrated, were outlined. As BCI and NIBS integration is still relatively new, the following steps involve optimizing the integration of the two, further exploring their mechanisms in neural recovery, and establishing a better understanding of the long-term benefits and implications.
Outcomes and Implications
Stroke, in which the blockage or rupture of a blood vessel results in insufficient blood supply to the brain, is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. This impairs physical, emotional, cognitive, and communicative functions, decreasing the quality of life for stroke patients. Currently, physical therapy is used as a rehabilitative therapy for stroke, but it comes with its limitations in efficacy. The integration of BCI and NIBS to accelerate neural recovery proposes a more efficient method for stroke rehabilitation.