Comprehensive Summary
The article introduces EEG-SGENet, a lightweight, high-performing deep learning model designed to classify motor imagery EEG signals more accurately. While deep learning has improved MI-BCI accuracy, many current models have become very large and computationally expensive. This limits their real-world use, especially in wearable or real-time devices. This is addressed by integrating an attention-based module called Spatial Group-wise Enhance (SGE) into an already efficient CNN architecture (EEGNex). The SGE module reweighs different spatial feature groups so the network pays more attention to important brain regions while suppressing noise from muscle artifacts, electrode noise, and low SNR. Two datasets, BCI Competition IV 2a and 2b, were utilized, and it was shown that the EEG-SGENet achieved 80.98% accuracy on the 2a dataset and 76.17% on the 2b dataset. These results outperform established models such as EEGNet, ShallowConvNet, and the baseline EEGNex. With the combination of multi-scale temporal convolutions, depth-separable spatial convolutions, and SGE-driven attention, the experiments showed improvement with SGE modules. When the authors removed SGE, accuracy dropped consistently across subjects. By demonstrating strong performance even on noisy, variable subject data, EEG-SGENet suggests improved reliability for patient populations who cannot maintain strict stillness or precise electrode conditions. The ability to enhance physiologically meaningful spatial patterns may also improve how BCIs adapt to neural reorganization during rehabilitation and, therefore, represents a reliable BCI to help neurorehabilitation.
Outcomes and Implications
This holds significant clinical implications because it allows the development of accessible brain-computer interfaces for motor rehabilitation, assistive communication, and neuroprosthetic control. Based on the data collected from this research, EEG-SGENets can deploy BCIs at bedside or in sites with limited computational power. The SGE module’s ability to reduce the weight of noisy or irrelevant spatial features by around 10% makes decoding more reliable across diverse users. It suggests the model may be more resilient to individual variability, a major limitation in BCIs. Since the EEG-SGENet encodes the idea that certain sensorimotor regions matter more and spatially organizes brain signals, this approach can be extended to other EEG-based tasks, such as emotion recognition, epilepsy monitoring, and sleep staging. Overall, it balances accuracy with a lightweight neural network and accessibility, making it effective for future uses in medicine.