Comprehensive Summary
Rowaiee et al presents a narrative review on the current information regarding the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Sources written in the last 14 years were gathered using keywords related to male infertility, its diagnostic tools, and mechanism from verified scientific databases. They discussed the advancements in male infertility diagnostics such as specific biomarkers, imaging techniques, at home testing, and the use of AI. AI models mainly see usage in analyzing sperm motility and morphology. It then goes on to discuss treatments of malefactor infertility such as 3D printing testicular tubules, follicle-stimulating hormone, and surgery. Some limitations of this article mentioned were the lack of systematic analysis and the quick overturn of technological advances rendering some current novelties obsolete.
Outcomes and Implications
The medical implications of this article lie in the improved diagnostic and treatment methods. They allow clinicians to identify underlying causes earlier and with less-invasive testing and improving precision, success rates, and postoperative outcomes for procedures such as varicocele repair, vasectomy reversal, and sperm retrieval. Looking forward, developing technologies such as 3-D bioprinting and regenerative approaches may eventually expand fertility options for men with severe infertility or azoospermia, though these remain experimental. Together, these innovations support a shift toward more personalized, accurate, and effective evaluation and treatment of male infertility.